A Armadilha da renda média na perspectiva da Teoria Austríaca do Capital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2018.v0.961Palavras-chave:
Armadilha de renda média, mercados emergentes, economia austríaca, teoria do capital, empreendedorismo, política de desenvolvimento, crescimento econômicoResumo
Esse artigo aplica a teoria austríaca do capital ao problema sobre as razões em que as economias emergentes caem na armadilha da renda média e o que pode ser feito para evitá-la. A análise coloca a ação empreendedora no centro, com foco na natureza subjetivista do capital e no papel do empreendedor como criador da estrutura de capital baseada em suas expectativas e em seus conhecimentos. A tese central diz que quando um país em desenvolvimento se aproxima do limite inferior ao nível de renda dos países industrializados em seu processo de recuperação e não abre a sua economia para livres mercados e empreendedorismos, mais o progresso econômico fracassará, e o país se manterá na faixa de renda média. O estudo identifica os maus investimentos em grande escala induzidos por políticas governamentais, como o principal culpado por um país ficar preso na armadilha da renda média. A conclusão política da análise é que a saída da renda média requer menos e não mais intervenção. Ao invés de mais gastos do governo, menos gastos são necessários e, em vez de promover algumas grandes empresas, o país precisa abrir seus mercados para potencializar a ação empreendedora.
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Referências
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BARRO, R. Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2004.
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COWEN, T. Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World's Cultures. Princeton University Press, 2002.
DJANKOV, S. Employment laws in developing countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 37, p. 3-33, 2009.
DORNBUSCH, R. The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. University of Chicago Press, 1990.
EASTERLY, W. The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. MIT Press, 2002.
EICHENGREEN, B. et. al. New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap. NBER Working Paper n. 18673, January, 2013.
FELIPE, J. Development and Modern Industrial Policy in Practice: Issues and Country Experiences Reprint Edition. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publisher, 2016.
FURTADO C. O longo amanhecer. Reflexões sobre a formação do Brasil. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1999.
GARRISON, R. W. Time and Money. The macroeconomics of capital structure. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
GARRISON, R. W. The Austrian School. Capital-Based Macroeconomics. In: SNWDON, Brian; HOWARD, Vane. Modern Macroeconomics. Its Origins, Development and Current State: Aldershot. Edward Elgar, 2005.
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HAYEK, F. A. Intertemporal Price Equilibrium and Movement in the Value of Money. In: Money, Capital and Fluctuations. Early Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 71-117.
HENNINGS, K. The Austrian Theory of Value and Capital. Studies in the Life and Work of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. Cheltenham and Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1997.
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HORWITZ, S. Microfoundations and Macroeconomics. An Austrian Perspective. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
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KIRZNER, I. Competition and Entrepreneurship (The Collected Works of Israel M. Kirzner). LOCAL: Liberty Fund, 2013.
KNOOP, T. A. Recessions and Depressions. Understanding Business Cycles. Westport and London: Praeger, 2004.
KURER, O. Clientelism, corruption, and the allocation of resources. Public Choice, v.77, p. 259-272, 1993.
LACHMANN, L. Capital and Its Structure. Auburn, Ala. Ludwig von Mises Institute 1956. Available at: https://mises.org/library/capital-and-its-structure. Accessed in October 16, 2018
LARSON, G. et. al. The Middle-Income Trap: Myth or Reality? The World Bank Development Research. Research & Policy Briefs from the World Bank Malaysia Hub, n.1, march, 2016. Available at: <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/965511468194956837/pdf/104230-BRI-Policy-1.pdf>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
LEWIN, P. Capital in Disequilibrium. The role of capital in a changing world. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.
MANISH, G. P. The Contributions of Austrian Economics to Development Economics (with Benjamin Powell). In: BOETTKE, P.; COYNE, C.(eds.). The Oxford Handbook in Austrian Economics. Oxford University Press, 2015.
MISES, L. v. Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010 [1912].
MISES, L. v. Human Action. A Treatise on Economics. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998.
MUELLER, A. P. Facing the Challenge of Global Turmoil. The Position of Brazil in the International Monetary System. Interfaces Brasil/Canadá, v. 13, n. 16, p. 177-199, 2013.
MUELLER, A. P. Beyond Keynes and the Classics. Processos de mercado. Revista europea da economia política, v. 11, n. 2, p. 11-135, 2014. Available at: <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4980988>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
MUELLER, A. P. Capital and the Business Cycle. Macroeconomics. Prices, Business Fluctuarions & Cycles e Journal, v.. 11, issue 47, April, 2018. Available at: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3141447>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
NALLARI, R. The Role for State Intervention. Frontiers in Development Policy, September, p.131-133, 2011.
O’DRISCOLL, G.P.; RIZZO, M.J. The Economics of Time and Ignorance. London and New York: Routledge, 1985.
PHELPS, Edmund S. Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge and Change. Princeton University Press, 2015.
ROSTOW, W. The Take-Off Into Self-Sustained Growth. The Economic Journal, v. 66, n. 261, p. 25-48, March, 1956.
ROTHBARD, M. N. Man, Economy, and State. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001.
SALERNO, J. Money. Sound and Unsound. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010.
SCHNEIDER, H. An Austrian view on the middle income trap, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, v.11, n,3, p. 169-178, 2013.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Berlin. Duncker & Humblot 2006: Nachdruck der 1. Auflage von, 1912 (reprint of the first edition)
SCHUMPETER, J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge, 1994 [1942].
SELGIN, G. Less Than Zero: The Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1997.
SHENOY, S. R. Austrian Capital Theory and the Undeveloped Areas: An Overview. In: EBELING, R. (ed.). Austrian Economics: Perspectives on the Past and Prospects for the Future. Champions of Freedom: The Ludwig von Mises Lecture Series. Hillsdale College: Hillsdale College Press, 1991, p. 379-423.
SOTO, J. H. de. Dinero, Crédito Bancario y Ciclos Económicos. Madrid: Unión Editorial. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2006 [1998].
WORLD BANK. Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Trap. The World Bank. Economic Premise Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington: 2012. Available at: <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16954/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
WORLD BANK. Team, using data from Penn World Table, version 8.1, 2017. Available at: <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25880/9781464809507_Spot06.pdf?sequence=41&isAllowed=y>.
WORLD BANK. The World Bank, Country Classification, 2018. Available at: <https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519>.
AUGUSTIN-JEAN, Louis. Entrepreneurship as a Contributor to Growth in Asia: The Case of Hong Kong. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, v. 31, p. 317-340, 2010.
BARBIERI, Fabio. A Economia do Intervencionismo. São Paulo: Instituto Ludwig von Mises, 2013.
BARRO, R. Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2004.
BASTIAT, Frédréric. L’etat. Journal des débats, in: Frédéric Bastiat, Selected Essays on Political Economy. Chapter 5: The State. Library of Economic and Liberty, 1848. Available at: em: <https://www.econlib.org/library/Bastiat/basEss.html>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
BAUER, P. T. From Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
BÖHM-BAWERK, E. V. The Positive Theory of Capital. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1971 [1884)].
CACHANOSKY, N.; PADILHA, A. Latin American Populism in the 21st Century. July 2, 2018, Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3147096>. Retrieved October16, 2018
CANUTO, O. How to heal the Brazilian economy. EconMonitor. September, 2018. Available at: <https://moneymaven.io/economonitor/latin-america/how-to-heal-the-brazilian-economy-iAYiZQFWd0GR86s1WN45qQ/>. Retrieved October 16, 2016
COWEN, T. Creative Destruction: How Globalization Is Changing the World's Cultures. Princeton University Press, 2002.
DJANKOV, S. Employment laws in developing countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 37, p. 3-33, 2009.
DORNBUSCH, R. The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. University of Chicago Press, 1990.
EASTERLY, W. The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. MIT Press, 2002.
EICHENGREEN, B. et. al. New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap. NBER Working Paper n. 18673, January, 2013.
FELIPE, J. Development and Modern Industrial Policy in Practice: Issues and Country Experiences Reprint Edition. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publisher, 2016.
FURTADO C. O longo amanhecer. Reflexões sobre a formação do Brasil. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1999.
GARRISON, R. W. Time and Money. The macroeconomics of capital structure. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
GARRISON, R. W. The Austrian School. Capital-Based Macroeconomics. In: SNWDON, Brian; HOWARD, Vane. Modern Macroeconomics. Its Origins, Development and Current State: Aldershot. Edward Elgar, 2005.
GLAVAN, B. Poverty Traps, and the Market Process. A New Case for Industrial Policy? The Independent Review, v. 13, n. 2, p. 225–243, Fall, 2008.
HAUSMANN, R.; RODRIGUÉZ, F. Venezuela Before Chávez: Anatomy of an Economic Collapse. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 2015.
HAYEK, F. A. Der Wettbewerb als Entdeckungsverfahren. Tübingen: Freiburger Studien, 1969.
HAYEK, F. A. Prices and Production. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1931.
HAYEK, F. A. The Pure Theory of Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941.
HAYEK, F. A. Scientism and the Study of Society. In: The Counter-Revolution of Science. Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979.
HAYEK, F. A. Intertemporal Price Equilibrium and Movement in the Value of Money. In: Money, Capital and Fluctuations. Early Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 71-117.
HENNINGS, K. The Austrian Theory of Value and Capital. Studies in the Life and Work of Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. Cheltenham and Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1997.
HERITAGE (2018). The Heritage Foundation. Index of Economic Freedom. Heritage Foundation, 2018. Available at: <https://www.heritage.org/index/country/brazil>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
HOLCOMBE, R. G. Progress and Entrepreneurship. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, v. 6, n.3, fall, p. 3-26, 2003.
HORWITZ, S. Microfoundations and Macroeconomics. An Austrian Perspective. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
IORIO, U. Ação, Tempo e Conhecimento. A Escola Austríaca. São Paulo: Instituto Mises Brasil, 2011.
KING, J. E. A History of Post Keynesian Economics Since 1936. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2002.
KIRZNER, I. Competition and Entrepreneurship (The Collected Works of Israel M. Kirzner). LOCAL: Liberty Fund, 2013.
KNOOP, T. A. Recessions and Depressions. Understanding Business Cycles. Westport and London: Praeger, 2004.
KURER, O. Clientelism, corruption, and the allocation of resources. Public Choice, v.77, p. 259-272, 1993.
LACHMANN, L. Capital and Its Structure. Auburn, Ala. Ludwig von Mises Institute 1956. Available at: https://mises.org/library/capital-and-its-structure. Accessed in October 16, 2018
LARSON, G. et. al. The Middle-Income Trap: Myth or Reality? The World Bank Development Research. Research & Policy Briefs from the World Bank Malaysia Hub, n.1, march, 2016. Available at: <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/pt/965511468194956837/pdf/104230-BRI-Policy-1.pdf>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
LEWIN, P. Capital in Disequilibrium. The role of capital in a changing world. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.
MANISH, G. P. The Contributions of Austrian Economics to Development Economics (with Benjamin Powell). In: BOETTKE, P.; COYNE, C.(eds.). The Oxford Handbook in Austrian Economics. Oxford University Press, 2015.
MISES, L. v. Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010 [1912].
MISES, L. v. Human Action. A Treatise on Economics. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998.
MUELLER, A. P. Facing the Challenge of Global Turmoil. The Position of Brazil in the International Monetary System. Interfaces Brasil/Canadá, v. 13, n. 16, p. 177-199, 2013.
MUELLER, A. P. Beyond Keynes and the Classics. Processos de mercado. Revista europea da economia política, v. 11, n. 2, p. 11-135, 2014. Available at: <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4980988>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
MUELLER, A. P. Capital and the Business Cycle. Macroeconomics. Prices, Business Fluctuarions & Cycles e Journal, v.. 11, issue 47, April, 2018. Available at: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3141447>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
NALLARI, R. The Role for State Intervention. Frontiers in Development Policy, September, p.131-133, 2011.
O’DRISCOLL, G.P.; RIZZO, M.J. The Economics of Time and Ignorance. London and New York: Routledge, 1985.
PHELPS, Edmund S. Mass Flourishing: How Grassroots Innovation Created Jobs, Challenge and Change. Princeton University Press, 2015.
ROSTOW, W. The Take-Off Into Self-Sustained Growth. The Economic Journal, v. 66, n. 261, p. 25-48, March, 1956.
ROTHBARD, M. N. Man, Economy, and State. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001.
SALERNO, J. Money. Sound and Unsound. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010.
SCHNEIDER, H. An Austrian view on the middle income trap, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, v.11, n,3, p. 169-178, 2013.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Berlin. Duncker & Humblot 2006: Nachdruck der 1. Auflage von, 1912 (reprint of the first edition)
SCHUMPETER, J. A. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge, 1994 [1942].
SELGIN, G. Less Than Zero: The Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1997.
SHENOY, S. R. Austrian Capital Theory and the Undeveloped Areas: An Overview. In: EBELING, R. (ed.). Austrian Economics: Perspectives on the Past and Prospects for the Future. Champions of Freedom: The Ludwig von Mises Lecture Series. Hillsdale College: Hillsdale College Press, 1991, p. 379-423.
SOTO, J. H. de. Dinero, Crédito Bancario y Ciclos Económicos. Madrid: Unión Editorial. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Institute. 2006 [1998].
WORLD BANK. Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Trap. The World Bank. Economic Premise Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington: 2012. Available at: <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16954/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>. Retrieved October 16, 2018
WORLD BANK. Team, using data from Penn World Table, version 8.1, 2017. Available at: <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25880/9781464809507_Spot06.pdf?sequence=41&isAllowed=y>.
WORLD BANK. The World Bank, Country Classification, 2018. Available at: <https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519>.
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2018-11-02
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Mueller AP. A Armadilha da renda média na perspectiva da Teoria Austríaca do Capital. MisesJournal [Internet]. 2º de novembro de 2018 [citado 24º de novembro de 2024];. Disponível em: https://misesjournal.org.br/misesjournal/article/view/961
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